Council at Jerusalem

Week 25


June 18 - 24

Discussion Questions

Old Testament

  1. What is the significance of Elisha killing his oxen for a feast, and cooking the meat on the fire from burning his plow (and/or yoke)? 1 Kings 19:21.
  2. Did Elijah die? See 2 Kings 2:11-12.

New Testament

  1. Why did the Angel of the Lord strike King Herod? How did he die? Acts 12:21-23.
  2. The early church leaders met in a council in Jerusalem to discuss whether gentiles had to first become Jews in order to be saved? What was the outcome of this discussion, and why was it so important? Acts 15:1-20.

Notes and Commentary

Old Testament

What is the significance of Elisha killing his oxen for a feast, and cooking the meat on the fire from burning his plow (and/or yoke)? 1 Kings 19:21.
The prophet, Elijah chose Elisha to follow him, with the symbolic act of casting his mantle [A]  [A] “A loose garment to be worn over other garments; an enveloping robe; a cloak. Hence, figuratively, a covering or concealing envelope,” Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913. A coat.on him. This act implied that Elijah’s power and authority was being passed to Elisha. [B]  [B] See Keil and Delitzsch Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament, 1864: “The prophet’s cloak was sign of the prophet’s vocation so that throwing it to him was a symbol of the call to the prophetic office. Jamieson Fausset Brown Bible Commentary, 1871: “This was an investiture with the prophetic office. It is in this way that the Brahmins, the Persian Sufis, and other priestly or sacred characters in the East are appointed—a mantle being, by some eminent priest, thrown across their shoulders. Elisha had probably been educated in the schools of the prophets.” This meaning is so firmly established in our language that the phrase “passing of the mantle” is an idiom, actually meaning “the passing of power or authority.”
Elisha was a farmer and made his living with his oxen. When he killed the oxen and gave the meat to the people for a feast, there was no turning back. The point was more firmly established by Elisha burning the tools [C]  [C] Sometimes translated as “instruments of the oxen” (King James Version); “plough” (Douay-Rheims Bible, Challoner Revision ); or “yokes” (English Standard Version). he used with the oxen, in order to cook the meat. [D]  [D] The Geneva Bible Translation Notes adds another reason for building the fire with the wood at hand: “He would not stay till wood was brought, so great was his desire to follow his calling,
[Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary on the Whole Bible] Elijah found Elisha by Divine direction, not in the schools of the prophets, but in the field; not reading, or praying, or sacrificing, but ploughing. Idleness is no man’s honour, nor is husbandry any man’s disgrace. An honest calling in the world, does not put us out of the way of our heavenly calling, any more than it did Elisha. His heart was touched by the Holy Spirit, and he was ready to leave all to attend Elijah. It is in a day of power that Christ’s subjects are made willing; nor would any come to Christ unless they were thus drawn. It was a discouraging time for prophets to set out in. A man that had consulted with flesh and blood, would not be fond of Elijah’s mantle; yet Elisha cheerfully leaves all to accompany him. When the Saviour said to one and to another, Follow me, the dearest friends and most profitable occupations were cheerfully left, and the most arduous duties done from love to his name. May we, in like manner, feel the energy of his grace working in us mightily, and by unreserved submission at once, may we make our calling and election sure.
[Kretzmann Popular Commentary] Thus the servants of the Lord must not consult with flesh and blood, but gladly follow the call of the Lord, no matter where this may take them.
Did Elijah die? See 2 Kings 2:11-12.
2 Kings 2:11-12 (WEB). [11] As they still went on, and talked, behold, a chariot of fire and horses of fire separated them; and Elijah went up by a whirlwind into heaven. [12] Elisha saw it, and he cried, “My father, my father, the chariots of Israel and its horsemen!”
He saw him no more: and he took hold of his own clothes, and tore them in two pieces.
[The New John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible]
[Elijah] was carried up in the above manner into the heaven of heavens, out of the sight of mortals, and never seen more, but at the transfiguration of Christ on the mount.
[Keil and Delitzsch Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament]
While they were walking on and talking to each other, "behold (there suddenly appeared) a fiery chariot and fiery horses, and separated the two (by driving between them), and Elijah went up in the tempest to heaven." As God had formerly taken Enoch away, so that he did not taste of death (see at Gen 5:24), so did He also suddenly take Elijah away from Elisha, and carry him to heaven without dying...
The ascension of Elijah has been compared to the death of Moses. "As God Himself buried Moses, and his grave has not been found to this day, so did He fetch Elias to heaven in a still more glorious manner in a fiery chariot with fiery horses, so that fifty men, who searched for him, did not find him on the earth" (Ziegler). This parallel has a real foundation in the appearance of Moses and Elijah with Christ on the mountain of transfiguration, only we must not overlook the difference in the departure from this life of these two witnesses of God. For Moses died and was to die in the wilderness because of his sin (Deu 32:49.), and was only buried by the hand of the Lord, so that no one has seen his grave, not so much for the purpose of concealing it from men as to withdraw his body from corruption, and preserve and glorify it for the eternal life (see the Comm. on Deu 34:5-6). Elijah did not die, but was received into heaven by being "changed" (1 Co 15:51-52; 1 Th 4:15.)...

New Testament

Why did the Angel of the Lord strike King Herod? How did he die? Acts 12:21-23.
Acts 12:20-23 (WEB). [20] Now Herod was very angry with the people of Tyre and Sidon. They came with one accord to him, and, having made Blastus, the king’s personal aide, their friend, they asked for peace, because their country depended on the king’s country for food.  [21] On an appointed day, Herod dressed himself in royal clothing, sat on the throne, and gave a speech to them.  [22] The people shouted, “The voice of a god, and not of a man!”  [23] Immediately an angel of the Lord struck him, because he didn’t give God the glory, and he was eaten by worms and died.
The “Herod” in this story was also known as Herod or Agrippa I (10 BC – 44 AD). He was a Judean monarch during the 1st century AD. He was the grandson of Herod the Great, who ordered the massacre of the innocents when Christ was born.
The “The Antiquities of the Jews,” by the ancient historian, Flavius Josephus, [E]  [E] Josephus was an educated first century historian who could claim in his heritage being from priests, soldiers, and royalty. His works are cited by some as some of the best accounts of the early Christian Church outside the New Testament. The accuracy of his historical accounts have been challenged by others. contains an independant account of the death of Herod:
Now when [Herod] Agrippa had reigned three years over all Judea, he came to the city Cesarea, which was formerly called Strato’s Tower; and there he exhibited shows in honor of Caesar, upon his being informed that there was a certain festival celebrated to make vows for his safety. At which festival a great multitude was gotten together of the principal persons, and such as were of dignity through his province. On the second day of which shows he put on a garment made wholly of silver, and of a contexture truly wonderful, and came into the theater early in the morning; at which time the silver of his garment being illuminated by the fresh reflection of the sun’s rays upon it, shone out after a surprising manner, and was so resplendent as to spread a horror over those that looked intently upon him; and presently his flatterers cried out, one from one place, and another from another, (though not for his good,) that he was a god; and they added, "Be thou merciful to us; for although we have hitherto reverenced thee only as a man, yet shall we henceforth own thee as superior to mortal nature." Upon this the king did neither rebuke them, nor reject their impious flattery. But as he presently afterward looked up, he saw an owl sitting on a certain rope over his head, and immediately understood that this bird was the messenger of ill tidings, as it had once been the messenger of good tidings to him; and fell into the deepest sorrow. A severe pain also arose in his belly, and began in a most violent manner. He therefore looked upon his friends, and said, "I, whom you call a god, am commanded presently to depart this life; while Providence thus reproves the lying words you just now said to me; and I, who was by you called immortal, am immediately to be hurried away by death. But I am bound to accept of what Providence allots, as it pleases God; for we have by no means lived ill, but in a splendid and happy manner." When he said this, his pain was become violent. Accordingly he was carried into the palace, and the rumor went abroad every where, that he would certainly die in a little time. But the multitude presently sat in sackcloth, with their wives and children, after the law of their country, and besought God for the king’s recovery. All places were also full of mourning and lamentation. Now the king rested in a high chamber, and as he saw them below lying prostrate on the ground, he could not himself forbear weeping. And when he had been quite worn out by the pain in his belly for five days, he departed this life, being in the fifty-fourth year of his age, and in the seventh year of his reign; for he reigned four years under Caius Caesar, three of them were over Philip’s tetrarchy only, and on the fourth he had that of Herod added to it; and he reigned, besides those, three years under the reign of Claudius Caesar; in which time he reigned over the forementioned countries, and also had Judea added to them, as well as Samaria and Cesarea.
Herod, presumably, had no control over the crowd calling him a “god.” [F]  [F] Note the circumstances, however. The people were dependant upon Herod for their food. He sat on a throne in his royal clothing. The crowd might assume Herod was open to flattery on some level.Although the angel struck Herod “immediately,” there is no indication that Herod tried to to waive off the worship. Compare the reaction of Herod (who did nothing) to the reaction of Paul and Barnabas in Lystra, when the crowd called them the names of the gods of the Romans:
“they tore their clothes, and sprang into the multitude, crying out, ’Men, why are you doing these things? We also are men of like passions with you...’” Acts 14:14-15 (WEB).
[Family Bible Notes from the Nazrene Users Group] He did not rebuke their impious flattery, but was glad to be called a god, and receive divine honors. Jehovah is a jealous God. Those who claim or consent to receive honors due only to him, or to assume any of his prerogatives, he views with peculiar abhorrence.
[Matthew Henry’s Complete Commentary on the Whole Bible] These undue praises he took to himself, pleased himself with them, and prided himself in them; and this was his sin. We do not find that he had given any private orders to his confidants to begin such a shout, or to put those words into the mouths of the people, nor that he returned them thanks for the compliment and undertook to answer their opinion of him. But his fault was that he said nothing, did not rebuke their flattery, nor disown the title they had given him, nor give God the glory (v 23); but he took it to himself, was very willing it should terminate in himself, and that he should be thought a god and have divine honours paid him. Si populus vult decipi, decipiatur--if the people will be deceived, let them. And it was worse in him who was a Jew, and professed to believe in one God only, than it was in the heathen emperors, who had gods many and lords many.
            How his iniquity was punished: Immediately (v 23) the angel of the Lord smote him (by the order of Christ, for to him all judgment is committed), because he gave not God the glory (for God is jealous for his own honour, and will be glorified upon those whom he is not glorified by); and he was eaten of worms above ground, and gave up the ghost. Now he was reckoned with for vexing the church of Christ, killing James, imprisoning Peter, and all the other mischiefs he had done. Observe in the destruction of Herod,
            It was no less than an angel that was the agent--the angel of the Lord, that angel that was ordered and commissioned to do it, or that angel that used to be employed in works of this nature, the destroying angel: or the angel, that is, that angel that delivered Peter in the former part of the chapter--that angel smote Herod. For those ministering spirits are the ministers either of divine justice or of divine mercy, as God is pleased to employ them. The angel smote him with a sore disease just at that instant when he was strutting at the applauses of the people, and adoring his own shadow. Thus the king of Tyre said in his pride, I am a god, I sit in the seat of God; and set his heart as the heart of God; but he shall be a man, and no God, a weak mortal man, in the hand of him that slayeth him (Ezek. xxviii. 2-9), so Herod here. Potent princes must know, not only that God is omnipotent, but that angels also are greater in power and might than they. The angel smote him, because he gave not the glory to God; angels are jealous for God’s honour, and as soon as ever they have commission are ready to smite those that usurp his prerogatives, and rob God of his honour.
The early church leaders met in a council in Jerusalem to discuss whether gentiles had to first become Jews in order to be saved? What was the outcome of this discussion, and why was it so important?
Acts 15:1-20 (WEB). [1] Some men came down from Judea and taught the brothers, “Unless you are circumcised after the custom of Moses, you can’t be saved.” [2] Therefore when Paul and Barnabas had no small discord and discussion with them, they appointed Paul and Barnabas, and some others of them, to go up to Jerusalem to the apostles and elders about this question. [3] They, being sent on their way by the assembly, passed through both Phoenicia and Samaria, declaring the conversion of the Gentiles. They caused great joy to all the brothers. [4] When they had come to Jerusalem, they were received by the assembly and the apostles and the elders, and they reported all things that God had done with them. [5] But some of the sect of the Pharisees who believed rose up, saying, “It is necessary to circumcise them, and to command them to keep the law of Moses.” [6] The apostles and the elders were gathered together to see about this matter. [7] When there had been much discussion, Peter rose up and said to them, “Brothers, you know that a good while ago God made a choice among you, that by my mouth the nations should hear the word of the Good News, and believe. [8] God, who knows the heart, testified about them, giving them the Holy Spirit, just like he did to us. [9] He made no distinction between us and them, cleansing their hearts by faith. [10] Now therefore why do you tempt God, that you should put a yoke on the neck of the disciples which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear? [11] But we believe that we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus, just as they are.” [12] All the multitude kept silence, and they listened to Barnabas and Paul reporting what signs and wonders God had done among the nations through them. [13] After they were silent, James answered, “Brothers, listen to me. [14] Simeon has reported how God first visited the nations, to take out of them a people for his name. [15] This agrees with the words of the prophets. As it is written, [16] ‘After these things I will return. I will again build the tabernacle of David, which has fallen. I will again build its ruins. I will set it up, [17] That the rest of men may seek after the Lord; all the Gentiles who are called by my name, says the Lord, who does all these things. [18] All of God’s works are known to him from eternity.’
[19] “Therefore my judgment is that we don’t trouble those from among the Gentiles who turn to God, [20] but that we write to them that they abstain from the pollution of idols, from sexual immorality, from what is strangled, and from blood.
[John S. C. Abbott and Jacob Abbott Illustrated New Testament (1878)]
v. 9 ― that is, simply by faith in Christ, without requiring of them obedience to the ceremonial law.
[Barnes’ New Testament Notes]
Verse 9. “And put no difference, etc.” ― Though they had not been circumcised, and though they did not conform to the law of Moses. Thus God showed that the observance of these rites was not necessary in order to the true conversion of men, and to acceptance with him. He did not give us, who are Jews, any advantage over them, but justified and purified all in the same manner.
“By faith.” ― By believing on the Lord Jesus Christ. This showed that the plan on which God was now about to show favour to men, was not by external rites and ceremonies, but by a scheme which required faith as the only condition of acceptance. It is further implied here, that there is no true faith which does not purify the heart.
[Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary on the Whole Bible]
Paul and Barnabas showed by plain matters of fact, that God owned the preaching of the pure gospel to the Gentiles without the law of Moses; therefore to press that law upon them, was to undo what God had done. The opinion of James was, that the Gentile converts ought not to be troubled about Jewish rites, but that they should abstain from meats offered to idols, so that they might show their hatred of idolatry. Also, that they should be cautioned against fornication, which was not abhorred by the Gentiles as it should be, and even formed a part of some of their rites.

Random Quotes

"Blessed is the man, who having nothing to say, abstains from giving wordy evidence of the fact."
— George Eliot (1819-1880)
"Boys will be boys, and so will a lot of middle-aged men."
— Kin Hubbard (1868 – 1930)
“I love deadlines. I especially like the whooshing sound they make as they go flying by."
— unknown

Notes:

© Tom Truex 2014, Davie, FL